Tácticas de violencia política en la crisis boliviana de 2019

¿El regreso del estancamiento catastrófico?

Autores/as

  • Carwil Bjork-James Vanderbilt University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2024.320

Palabras clave:

Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), Evo Morales, Jeanine Áñez, Antonio Gramsci, Asamblea Constituyente, violencia política, política boliviana, tácticas, derechos humanos, represión, política partidaria

Resumen

Durante la crisis política de 2019, se produjeron formas reactivadas de violencia política dentro y junto a formas familiares de movilización de masas. En la historia reciente de Bolivia, este período es comparable al conflicto partidario de 2006–2009 sobre la reforma constitucional y la autonomía departamental conocido por el término gramsciano de “empate catastrófico.” Aunque hay muchas similitudes entre los dos periodos, tanto el movimiento social como las normas institucionales que limitan la violencia se debilitaron mutuamente, lo que dio lugar a un rápido despliegue de tácticas destructivas y a una violencia mortífera por parte de las fuerzas de seguridad. Como sostiene el modelo de Gramsci, un mayor despliegue de fuerza no fue garantía de éxito político en ninguna de las dos crisis. Este artículo examina tres tácticas extraordinarias y destructivas: enfrentamientos callejeros partidistas, a veces con armas de fuego; ataques incendiarios contra autoridades electorales, oficinas de partidos, domicilios de políticos y comisarías policiales; y tiroteos masivos contra manifestantes. Describo estas tres tácticas como parte del repertorio de contención de Bolivia —es decir, como formas rutinarias de acción política con significados comúnmente entendidos— y comparo su uso con el empate catastrófico de 2006–2009 y con la crisis de 2019. Cuantitativamente, analizo la violencia mortal de 2019 recurriendo a Últimas Consecuencias, una base de datos exhaustiva de casi seiscientas muertes en conflictos políticos bolivianos desde 1982. En las últimas semanas de la presidencia de Morales, la violencia entre grupos civiles opuestos fue responsable de cuatro muertes, mientras que varios incidentes de enfrentamientos callejeros partidistas implicaron el uso fuerza potencialmente letal. Sin embargo, tras la destitución de Morales, las fuerzas de seguridad se convirtieron en el principal actor violento, perpetrando al menos veintinueve de las treinta y cuatro muertes violentas que se registraron.

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Publicado

2024-11-25

Número

Bolivian Studies Journal Vol. 30, 2024

Sección

Artículos

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2023 Carwil Bjork-James

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